Vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, and polio is a core part of routine immunization programs around the world. These three diseases, though rare in many countries thanks to vaccination, can still cause severe illness and death if contracted. Combined vaccines offer effective, long-lasting protection.

The Diseases at a Glance

• Diphtheria: A bacterial infection that affects the throat and airways, potentially leading to breathing problems, heart failure, or paralysis.

• Tetanus (Lockjaw): Caused by bacteria found in soil that enter through cuts or wounds; leads to severe muscle spasms, stiffness, and can be fatal.

• Polio (Poliomyelitis): A viral disease that can cause paralysis, permanent disability, or death. Although eradicated in most of the world, outbreaks still occur.

Types of Combined Vaccines

Combined vaccines protect against all three diseases and are typically given as part of a series:

DTaP/IPV (for children)

• Protects against Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis (whooping cough) and Polio

• Given in infancy and early childhood

• Schedule: Usually at 2, 4, and 6 months, with boosters at 12–18 months and 4–6 years

Td/IPV or Tdap/IPV (for adolescents and adults)

• Tdap: Includes a reduced dose of diphtheria and pertussis for older children and adults

• Td/IPV: Excludes pertussis, for those needing protection against only diphtheria, tetanus, and polio

• Booster every 10 years or when needed (e.g., after certain injuries or travel)

Why Vaccination Is Important

• Prevents deadly but vaccine-preventable diseases

• Maintains herd immunity and helps protect those who can’t be vaccinated

• Required for international travel to or from certain countries

• Essential for school entry, military service, and healthcare work in many regions

Who Should Get Vaccinated or Boosted?

• Infants and children (as part of routine childhood immunization)

• Teenagers and adults (as boosters)

• Pregnant women (Tdap recommended in each pregnancy for newborn protection)

• Travelers to countries where polio remains endemic or diphtheria/tetanus is a risk

• People with injuries (tetanus-prone wounds may require a tetanus booster if last shot was over 5 years ago)