Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms. Bacterial meningitis is particularly serious and can lead to severe complications, including brain damage, hearing loss, or death. Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent meningitis caused by certain bacteria.

Types of Meningitis Vaccines

There are several vaccines that protect against different types of bacterial meningitis:

1. Meningococcal Vaccines

• Protect against Neisseria meningitidis, the bacteria responsible for meningococcal meningitis.

• Several types based on bacterial groups (serogroups):

  • MenACWY vaccines: Protect against serogroups A, C, W, and Y.

    • Recommended for adolescents (11-12 years), with a booster at 16.

    • Also advised for travelers to certain regions (e.g., the “meningitis belt” in Africa), college students, and people with certain medical conditions.

  • MenB vaccines: Protect against serogroup B.

    • Recommended for individuals aged 16-23 years, especially in outbreaks or high-risk groups.

2. Pneumococcal Vaccines

• Protect against Streptococcus pneumoniae, which can cause pneumococcal meningitis.

• Recommended for infants, older adults (65+), and people with certain health conditions.

3. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Vaccine

• Protects against Haemophilus influenzae type b bacteria.

• Part of routine childhood immunization, usually given in infancy.

Who Should Get Vaccinated?

• Infants and children: Routine immunization with Hib, pneumococcal, and meningococcal vaccines.

• Adolescents and young adults: MenACWY vaccine with a booster; MenB vaccine as recommended.

• Travelers: Especially those going to high-risk areas such as sub-Saharan Africa or during the Hajj pilgrimage.

• People with certain medical conditions: Including immune deficiencies, spleen removal, or chronic illnesses.

• Outbreak settings: Vaccination may be recommended during meningitis outbreaks.

Vaccine Schedule

• Hib vaccine: Given in multiple doses starting at 2 months of age.

• Pneumococcal vaccine: Series starting in infancy; adults may receive one or more doses depending on risk.

• MenACWY vaccine: First dose at 11-12 years, booster at 16.

• MenB vaccine: Usually a 2- or 3-dose series for teens and young adults.

Safety and Side Effects

• Vaccines are generally safe and well tolerated.

• Common side effects: mild pain or swelling at the injection site, low-grade fever.

• Serious adverse reactions are rare.